Unit 1 Great scientists
1. John Snow defeats “King Cholera”.约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王”。
▲defeat意为“击败；打败；使（计划，希望）落空”。①defeat, conquer与overcome
三个词都含有“战胜”、“击败”的意思。 defeat 指“赢得胜利”, 尤其指军事上的胜利, 如defeat the enemy(打败敌人); conquer指“征服;战胜”,尤其指获得对人、物或感情的控制,如conquer nature（征服自然）；overcome指“战胜；压倒；克服”，尤其指“感情”, 如overcome difficulties （克服困难）。 ②defeat, beat与win 辨析defeat, beat都表示在战斗或竞赛中“战胜,打败(对手)”,后接竞争对手。如beat the competitor/the country/the team ...打败对手/国家/队……
win也表示“战胜,赢得”,但它的宾语通常是比赛、战争、奖品或表尊重、崇拜之类意义的词。如
win
a
race/a
battle/a
war/a
scholarship/a
prize/a
medal/success/friendship/reward ...赢得赛跑/战役/战争/奖学金/奖品/奖章/成功/友谊/奖赏……
2. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但当他一想到要帮助（那些）受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。
▲exposed to cholera在句中是过去分词短语作后置定语，表示被动，修饰people，相当于定语从句which were exposed to cholera 意为“患霍乱的”。▲expose意为“暴露；揭露；使曝光”，常与介词to连用，表示“使暴露于（日光、风雨等）；受到风
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险；使面临”。
常见结构：expose sth./sb./oneself (to ...) 显露或暴露be exposed to暴露于。
▲cure vt.&n. 治愈，治疗法；常用于cure sb. of ...结构中。 cure, treat, heal与recover
①cure意为“治疗；治愈”，多用于指药物治疗并治愈某种疾病或改正不良习气。
②treat为日常用语，意为“治疗；医治”，指治疗病人的全过程或活动。
③heal意为“治愈（伤口）； 医治”，指治好外伤或烧伤后的部位，使伤口愈合，不用于指治疗感冒等疾病。④recover意为“痊愈,复原”，主要是指从病中痊愈了，常与from连用。
4. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. 第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。
▲suggest vt. 暗示；表明(陈述语气)；建议（suggest doing; suggest thatclause）
His attitude suggested that he was not interested in it at all.他的态度表明他对此一点也不感兴趣。I suggested that he (should) adapt himself to his new conditions. 我建议他应该适应新的情况。 ▲absorb意为“吸收；吸引；使专心；合并；吞并”，常见结构：
absorb one’s attention 吸引某人的注意力be absorbed in sth. 专心于某事
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be absorbed by/into 被……吞并；为……所吸收
6. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. 病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死去。
7. It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁祸首。▲blame v. 责备，谴责；把……归咎于①blame sb. for sth./doing sth. 为某事责备某人②blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人③be to blame (for) 应（为……）承担责任；该（为……）受责备。注意：此处不能用被动语态。blame n. 埋怨，责备；责任take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任lay/put the blame on sb. 把某事归咎于某人 重点短语梳理 1. put _____ 提出2. _____ a conclusion 得出结论3. in ______ 另外 4. ____ to an end结束5. _____ ...to ...将……和……连接起来 6. _____ from 除……之外7. be _____ with 对……严格的 8. lead _____导致；通向 9. make ______ 有道理；有意义；讲得通 10. _____ of view 态度；观点11. be ______ to 暴露于……12. be _____ in 全神贯注于……13. _____ into 调查14. be ____ /______ 支持/反对
1. forward 2. draw 3. addition 4. come 5. link 6. apart 7.strict 8. to 9. sense 10. point 11. exposed 12. absorbed 13. look 14. for/against
be enthusiastic about/over/for sth be enthusiastic aboutdoing sth对 …. 热情，
be cautious about对…..小心谨慎
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重点句型再现1. _____ its cause ______ its cure was understood.人们不但不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。1. Neither; nor
2. So many thousands of terrified people died _____ _____ there was an outbreak.每次暴发（霍乱）时，都有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。2. every time
3. John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies ____ ______.约翰·斯诺建议所有的水源都要经过检测。3. be examined
4. ____ ____ you put the sun there _____ the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. 只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。Only if; did
Unit2 The United Kingdom
1. How many countries does the UK consist of?英国是由几个国家（部分）组成的？
▲consist of 组成；构成；由……组成(后接of，用于主动语态)
consist vi. ①符合；并存；一致 （与with连用）②在于，存在于（常与in连用）
【易混辨析】comprise, compose, constitute与make up
这一组动词都有“组成，包含”的意思，不过comprise和constitute是及物动词，要用主动形式；而compose和make up则需后跟of, 用于系表结构中。
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2. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.如今，只要有人提起英格兰，你就会发现威尔士总是包括在内的。
▲refer to ①查阅;参考②谈到;提到③适用于;涉及④把……提交给……;把……委托给……
⑤使……向……请教;使……求助于…… ⑥把……归功于…… ⑦认为……起源于……
3. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. 然而，爱尔兰的南部却不愿意组建联合王国，它分离出去并建立了自己的政府。
▲break away (from)突然逃掉或离开;断绝往来,脱离;改掉(旧习惯）
①break down (机器、车辆等)坏了；(计划、谈判等)失败；(谈话、通讯等)中断；(健康、精神等)变坏；垮掉②break in 突然进来，强行进入；插嘴，打岔③break into 强行进入;突然……起来;打断，插嘴④break off 停止讲话;暂停;休息;(使)折断⑤break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生或爆发⑥break through 突破;克服;征服;强行穿过/进入⑦break up 解散;驱散;(学校等)放假;结束;破裂;绝交
4. England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. 在这四个国家中，英格兰是最大的。为了方便起见，它大致可以划分为三个地区。
▲convenience n. ①适宜；便利；方便（不可数）
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convenience food 便利食品；convenience store 便利店②便利的事物/设施(可数)
convenient adj. 方便的(可用作定语和表语)。作表语时，不可用人作主语，而要用事物或形式主语it作主语，其后常接介词for/to或不定式。常用结构：It is/was convenient for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说……方便；sth. be convenient to/for sb./sth. 对某人/物来说……是方便的。
1. ____ of 由……组成2._____ ...into 把……分成3. leave ____ 遗漏；删掉
4. _____ down 捣毁；（机器）出故障；分解；垮掉5. _____ to 提及；参考
6. for ______ 为了方便7. _____ close to接近；几乎
8. take the _____ of 代替；取代 9. break _____ from 挣脱（束缚）；脱离
1. consist 2. divide 3. out 4. break 5. refer
6. convenience 7. come 8. place 9. away
1. There is ___ _____ to debate any more why different words are used to describe the four countries.
再也没有什么必要争论为什么要用不同的词去描述这四个国家了。
2. The three countries ____ _____ _____ peacefully instead of by war.
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这三个国家发现自己并没有通过战争就和平统一起来了。
3. It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism ____ ____ ____ and died in London.
这似乎很奇怪：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。
答案 1,no need 2. found themselves united3. should have lived
补充 come into conflict with sb 与某人发生冲突 be unwilling to do sth不愿意做某事
leave out 遗漏 furnish A with B 把B提供给A there is a possibility that…,….的可能性
quarrel with sb over/about sth 与某人争吵 take the place of代替 be/feel delighted at/by with因……而高兴
Unit 3 life in the future
1. FIRST IMPRESSIONS 第一印象
▲impression n. 印象；感想；印记have/make/leave an impression on sb. 给某人留下……的印象an impression of sth./sb. 对……的印象
①impress vt. 使……留下深刻印象；使……铭记；盖（印）于……impress sb. with sth.
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（某事）给某人留下印象be impressed by/at 为……所感动/打动；对……有印象impress sth. on/upon sb. 使某人铭记某事②impressive adj. 给人印象深刻的；感人的
2. I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year. 我还是不能相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。▲take up①开始(学习或从事等)②继续③占去(时间或空间)④接纳(乘客等)，接受(挑战，建议，条件等)①take back 收回;接回;退回②take down 写下，记下；拆下;拆掉③take in 收留；包括；理解；欺骗，使上当④take off 脱下；起飞；请假;休息
⑤take on 聘用，雇用;呈现，显现，具有;承担或担任(工作或责任等)⑥take over 接替;接管;继承⑦take sb. sth./take sth. to sb. 给某人带(送)去某物⑧take sb. (sth.) for (to be)……
3. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到头痛。
▲lack v.&n. 缺乏；缺少的东西①lack作名词时，后常接of。lack作动词时，既可作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词，若是不及物动词，后常接for或in。
②lack不用于被动语态。lack sth. 缺少某物lack for sth. 缺少；需要for/through lack of ...因缺乏……no lack of ...不缺乏lacking adj. 匮乏的；不足的；没有的be lacking in 缺乏（品质、特点等）
4. This is similar to the “jet lag” you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.这就与你乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似，所不同的是，在你的脑子里似乎会不断地闪现以前的时光。
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▲similar adj.意为“相似的，类似的”，可作定语，常用于be similar to （与……相似/类似），be similar in（在……方面相似/类似）结构中。
5. ...some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.一些椅子就像变魔术一样从地板下面升了起来。▲from under the floor 从地板下面
from后面有时可接介词短语或where从句。
from behind the door 从门后面from under the table 从桌子底下
From under the tree the man kept an eye on the sheep.那个老人从树下留意着他的
1. _____ up 拿起；从事（工作）；接受；开始；继续2. lose ____ of ... 忽略/看不见……
3. ____ sight of 看见；瞥见4. ____ all directions 从四面八方；全面地
5. _____ up 打扫；横扫6. speed ______ 加速7. _____ in 帮助；援助；协助
8. space ______ 宇航局；航天局9. _____...to ...把……递给……10. be _____ about 对……感到乐观11. be _____ to 与……很相似12. be _____ for 对……很重要
13. _____ no time 立刻；马上14. be _____ with 装备着……
1. take 2. sight 3. catch 4. in 5. sweep 6. up 7. assist 8. agency
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9. hand 10. optimistic 11. similar 12. essential13. in 14. equipped
1. The air seemed thin, ____ _____ its combination of gases had little oxygen left.
空气似乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。
2. ____ ____ ____ ____ , I was unsettled for the first few days.
因为担心这次旅行，头几天我感到心绪不宁。
3. I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.当我们到了一个看上去像是大市场的地方时，因为有太多的气垫车从四面八方飞来，我看不到王平了。
答案1.as though 2. Worried about the journey3. what looked like a large market
补充：be uncertain about 对……不确定 be optimistic/pessimistic about对…乐观/悲观 at a speed of 以 …..速度 at that instant 在那一瞬间 in an instant 立刻,马上be greedy for 对。。贪婪 be representative of,……的典型
Unit 4 making the news
1. Now discuss in pairs how you would feel if you were offered a job on a famous newspaper? 现在两人一组进行讨论，如果一家著名报社提供给你一份工作，
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你感觉如何？
▲offer vt. 提出；主动给予；出价；开价 n. 给予(物), 出价, 提议, 意图, 报价
offer to do sth. 主动提出做某事offer sb. sth. ＝ offer sth. to sb. 给某人提供某物
offer sb. some money for sth. 给某人出钱买某物offer sb. sth. for some money 向某人开价卖某物
2. Never will Zhou Yang(ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.周扬将永远不会忘记他在一家时尚英文报社的第一次任务。
▲该句否定词位于句首，故用部分倒装，即把谓语的一部分置于主语之前。这类否定词和含有否定意义的短语主要有：no, not, never, little, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, not until, neither ...nor ..., not only ...but also, at no time, in no way, by no means,in no case, under no condition等。 not until 引导的从句位于句首时，从句不倒装，后面的主句倒装；
not only ...but also ...连接两个并列分句时，前面倒装，后一部分不倒装。
3. You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested.你会发现你的同事们都很乐意帮助你；所以，如果你对摄影感兴趣，你可以以后再集中精力学习。
▲concentrate on意为“把精力集中在……”，可直接接名词。concentrate on sth.，或接v.
ing。concentrate on doing sth.或 concentrate one
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s effort on sth./doing
sth.意为“集中精力于某事（或做某事）”。
4. Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?你们有没有过这样的情况：别人控告你的记者，说他（她）们的报道完全失实？
▲accuse ...of ... 因……控告/指责……
accuse, charge辨析accuse, charge两个动词都有“控诉，指控”之意，但它们后面所搭配的介词不同。 accuse v.指控，控诉，与介词of连用。 charge v.可以指因为小错而受的责备，也可指因违法而受到控告，与介词with连用。
5. Last of all, the chief editor read it and approved it.
最后，主编阅读并批准此事。
▲approve 主要有两个用法：一是表示“赞成”、 “认可”、“满意”、“同意”等, 此时通常是不及物动词(有时用作及物动词，但很少见)，若后需接宾语，通常要借助介词 of；二是表示“批准”、“通过”，此时只用作及物动词，其后跟宾语时无需任何介词。
I approve of your choice.我赞成你的选择。
注意：approve的名词形式为approval,反义词为disapprove。
6. Later you can cover a story ... 晚些时候，你才能去进行新闻采访……
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▲cover ①vt. a. 对……进行采访；报道b. 覆盖；遮掩 be covered with/by ...被……覆盖桌上满是灰尘。c. 行走（路程）；占用（一段时间或空间）d. 涉及，包含
②n. 封面（底）；盖子from cover to cover 从头到尾;透彻地
cover ，interview辨析
cover采访的对象是“事物”，后面跟表示事物的名词作宾语。
interview采访的对象是“人”，后面跟表示人的名词作宾语
1. _____ on 全神贯注于2. _____ ... of 因……指责或控告……3. _____ against 防卫以免于
4. have a _____ for ...对……有敏感的嗅觉5. be _____ to do sth. 理应做某事6. to _____ the truth 说实话7. ____ ____ work 开始工作8. ____ _____ to ...把……传递给
9. _____ as 充当10. be _____ to do sth. 渴望做某事11. be ______ of 在……的前面
12. make ______ 约会13. get ____ for ...为……做好准备14. take _____ 拍照
1.concentrate 2. accuse 3. defend 4. nose 5. supposed 6. tell 7. set to8. pass on 9. act 10. eager 11. ahead 12. appointments13. ready 14. photograph 15. cover
1. ____ ____ Zhou Yang(ZY) forget his first assignment at the office of a
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popular English newspaper.周扬将永远不会忘记他在一家时尚英文报社的第一次任务。
2. ____ _____ you have seen what he or she does, can you cover a story by yourself.
只有等你见习了他们的工作之后，你才能独自去进行新闻采访。
3. ____ ____ ____ _____ interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills. 对摄影我不只是感兴趣，在大学里我还修过摄影这门课程来更新技术。
1. Never will 2. Only when 3. Not only am I
短语补充：involv sb in …把某人牵扯进去 be eager in 热衷于assist sb in doing /in/with/to do sth 帮助某人做某事 acquire a good knowledge of 精通 inform sb of …通知某人
It/that (all)depends.看情况再说吧
Unit 5 first aid
1. ____ place在适当的位置2. fall ____ 生病3. put one’s _____ on sth. 找到
4. first _____ 急救 5. carry _____ 实行；执行6. have a _____ of 对……有一些了解
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7. _____ number of 若干；许多8. _____ ...on fire 放火烧……9. get _____ 被烧伤
10. make a ______ 有作用；有影响11. electric ______ 触电；电休克
12.______ out 榨出；挤出1，in 2. ill 3. hands 4. aid 5. out 6. knowledge 7. a 8. set 9. burnt 10. difference 11. shock 12. squeeze
1. ___ ____ John’s quick action and knowledge of first aid ____ saved Ms Slade’s life.
正是约翰的快速反应和急救知识救了斯莱德女士的命。
2. ____ _____ _____ _____ that John’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life.毫无疑问，是约翰敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术，使得斯莱德女士的生命得救了。
3. John ____ _____ in his room _____ he heard screaming.
约翰正在房间里做功课，突然听到一阵尖叫声。
1. It was; that2. There is no doubt3. was studying; when
1. First aid is a temporary form of help given to someone who suddenly falls ill or gets injured before a doctor can be found.
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急救是在医生到来之前对突然生病的病人或受伤者的一种救助。
▲aid ①n.a. 表示一般意义的“帮助”或“援助”时，是不可数名词。b. 表示“助手”或“辅助用品”等具体意义时，是可数名词。②vt. 支持，帮助，救助come (go) to one’s aid 来(去)帮助某人 with the aid of 借助……的帮助in aid of 用来帮助…
aid, help与assistance
①aid 表示经济或其他方面给予的帮助或援助，多指强者(或足够者)援助弱者，多用于团体。②help 指给人精神或物质上的帮助，强调受助者的需要，有利于达到一定的目的或目标。③assistance 多指个人给予道义、知识、物质等方面的帮助，所提供的帮助往往只起辅助作用。 ▲get已失去了原有的词汇意义，而接近于be，但同“be+过去分词”相比，“get+过去分词”更强调动作的结果，体现动作性，含有被动意义。
get burnt 烧伤/烫伤；get broken 破碎了；get hurt 受伤了；get lost 迷路；get paid 拿工资；get killed 被杀死；get married 结婚；get drowned 被淹死；get dressed 穿衣服；get damaged 遭到破坏；get separated 分散；get caught in陷入/遭到
2. What kind of first aid would you perform in this situation?遇到这种情况，你会采取哪种急救措施呢？▲situation n.形势，处境，事态，局面，位置
situation指一定时期内总的情况、形势、事态，亦可指国际国内形势，是可数名词；state用单数形式表示人或事物的情况及状况，如外貌、心理、外观等方面，可与不定冠词
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连用，常用于in a state of或in a... state；condition的单数形式表示人或物本身的状况，在这个意思上与state相近；而复数形式则指事物之外的环境与情况，与circumstances意思相近。
（比较：state）His business is in a good state. 他的生意很好。
（比较：condition）The condition of the house was so bad that nothing could make it safe to live in.
房屋的条件太差了以至于不能安全地住在里面。
注意：situation与condition,occasion,point,case一样，后常用where,in which引导定语从句。Can you imagine a situation where/in which you can use the word?你能想象出可以使用这个单词的语境吗？
▲perform v. 履行；表演；表现
Their football team performed very well in the match yesterday. 他们的足球队在昨天的比赛中表现突出。
The new drug has performed well in tests. 那种新药试验效果不错。
Lasers can be used to perform operations nowadays. 现在激光可以用来做手术。
performance n. 表演,表现；性能
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3. John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the life of another.在颁奖大会上，约翰被授予奖赏，大会表彰了十个抢救别人生命的勇敢行为。
▲present vt. 送给；赠与；颁发；递交；提出；出现；显露出; n. 礼物,现在; adj. 现在的,出席的,当面的present sth. to sb. 授予/赠给某人某物present sb. with sth.授予/赠给某人某物at present 目前;现在for the present暂时;暂且be present at 出席;到场
4. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.
除非衣服粘在烧伤处，否则都要把衣服脱掉。如果需要的话，可以使用剪刀。
▲stick to 粘住；坚持；信守诺言 Stick to your principles. 坚持你的原则。 stick to the diet 坚持节食
5. There is no doubt that John’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life. 毫无疑问，是约翰敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术，使得斯莱德女士的生命得救了。
▲There’s no doubt that ...是固定句式，表示“毫无疑问……”，后接名词时，需用介词about或of。
另外，doubt作动词时，肯定句中可用whether/if引起宾语从句，否定句中只能用that。
①in doubt怀疑；拿不定主意②no/without/beyond doubt无疑地；必定；当然
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③make no doubt of 对……毫不怀疑④throw/cast doubt on使人对……产生怀疑
What he had done cast doubt on his honesty. 他的所作所为使人们对他的诚实产生了怀疑。
6. Hold the bandage in place with tape.用胶布把绷带固定。
▲hold 此处意为“使保持在某个地方，某种姿势或状态”。
①握，抓住，拿住（打电话用语）②容纳，装着③拥有，占有④举行（会议等）
联想拓展①hold back阻碍，阻止②hold on等待;停止;不要挂断电话③hold one’s head high昂首挺胸④hold up举起，抬起；耽搁⑤hold on to抓着不放；坚持⑥hold back= keep back 阻止；抑制 ⑦hold sb. from doing sth.阻止/隐瞒某人做某事
▲in place在适当的位置；在原来的位置
It may develop in place by the decay and disintegration of bedrock. 它可能是通过基岩的腐蚀和崩解就地生成的。 out of place地方放得不对, 离开原来的地方；不合适, 不恰当；不协调, 不相称
短语：make some/a/no difference对 …… 有/没有关系apply ….sth to把 …运用到
Put one’s hands on 找到it is vital to do sth ….是至关重要的 a variety of =varieties of 各种各样的
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