Topic 39 空间、存在与特征
空间方位 (Special Orientation)
__________ ['dIstəns],corner, position, situation, __________ ['ɒpəzIt], face, surface, base, ________ [edʒ],ahead of，in front of, be close to, cross, across, through, aside, all over, beneath, upper, outer, towards, backwards， upwards, downwards, vertical, ________ [sə'raʊnd]
19
44
52
38
位置与距离 (Position and Distance)
be located in/on/to, as far as, within sb.'s reach, out of one's reach, remote, nearby, near, next to, ________ [kə'nekt],beconnected to
65
结构与形状 (Structure and Shape)
be made of, be made from, be made into, be made in, structure, in the shape of, ________ [pɔInt],circle, round, square, broad, narrow, flat, vast, huge, tiny
190
存在 (Existence)
45
existence, come into being, there be, ________ [ə'kɜː(r)],expose, ________ ['æbsənt, æb'sent],generate, produce, presence
9
特点与特征 (Characteristics and Feature)
________ ['fiːtʃə(r)],rough, smooth, solid, liquid, float, light, soft, hard, polished, delicate, vivid, stable, fade, pure
distance; opposite; edge; surround; connect; point; occur; absent; feature
43
distance
①(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)Regardless of the weather or the distance, Paul Wilson will make sure lowincome students in his neighbourhood arrive at their college classes on time.
②You'll never get the ball in from that distance.
③The coldness and distance in her voice took me by surprise.
(1)单句语法填空
①What's the ________ (distant) from New York to Beijing? ②Things look different ________ a distance of 10 years. ③The noise of the car died away ________ the distance. 答案：①distance ②at ③in (2)单句写作
①我们可以看见远处的轮船。
We could see the ship ____________________. ②太阳距地球很遥远。
The sun ____________________ the earth. ③这幅画稍远一些看更好。
The picture looks better ____________________.
答案：①in the distance ②is distant from ③at a distance
(1)n. 距离；间距 the amount of space between two places or things
(2)n. 远方；远处 a point that is a particular amount of space away from sth. else (3)n. 冷淡；疏远 a situation in which there is a lack of friendly feelings or of a close relationship between two people or groups of people
opposite
①We live further down on the opposite side of the road.
②(2019·浙江高考)We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.
③(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I found the opposite to be true.
(1)介词填空
①Idealism is opposite ________ materialism. ②His store is opposite ________ mine.
③They are all opposed ________ naming the high school after Martin. ④They were walking ________ opposite direction. 答案：①from ②to ③to ④in (2)单句写作
①街的对面有个花园。
There was a garden ____________________ of the street. ②我们知道“东”“西”是两个相对的方向。
We know that the east ____________________ the west. ③澳大利亚和中国的气候相反。
China's climate is ____________________ of that of Australia. ④他急忙朝相反的方向离去。
He hurried away ____________________.
答案：①on the opposite side ②is opposite to ③just the opposite ④in the opposite direction
(1)adj. 对面的；另一边的 on the other side of a particular area from sb./sth. and usually facing them
(2)adj. 相反的；迥然不同的 as different as possible from sth.
(3)n. 对立的人(或物)；对立面；反面 a person or thing that is as different as possible from sb./sth. else
on the opposite side 在反对一方 be opposite to 在……对面； 与……相反 be opposite from 与……相反；不相容 just the opposite 恰恰相反
in the opposite direction 朝相反的方向 opposition n. 反对；对抗；对手
in opposition to sb./sth. 强烈反对……；对比/对照…… oppose vt. 反对，抵制
opposed adj. 强烈反对的；截然不同的 be opposed to sth. 反对……
edge
①The factory stands at the edge of the city. ②She edged a little closer to me.
(1)单句语法填空
①Tim was ________ (edge) away from the crowd.
②The film's ending had me ________ the edge of my seat. 答案：①edging ②on (2)单句写作
①不要把杯子放在桌子边上。
Don't put the glass ____________________ the table. ②该公司即将破产。
The company was ____________________ the bankruptcy. ③路边有所红色的小房子。
____________________ the road stands a red house.
答案：①on the edge of ②on the edge of ③At the edge of
(1)n. 边；边缘；边线；边沿 the outside limit of an object, a surface or an area; the part furthest from the centre
(2)v. (使)徐徐移动，渐渐移动 to move or to move sth. slowly and carefully in a particular direction
at the edge of 在……的边缘
at the edge of/on the edge of at the edge of 侧重在边缘较广阔的地域的面上 on the edge of “在……边上”侧重于在边缘的点上，还可引申为“即将”“濒于”
surround
①(2019·天津高考)Now we live in a world surrounded by the “can't do” attitudes.
②They've surrounded the building with police. ③There is a lot publicity surrounding the divorce.
(1)用surround的适当形式填空
①The ________ villages are beautiful.
②Animals in zoos are not in their natural ________.
③The robber tried to run off but gave up when he found himself ________ by policemen.
答案：①surrounding ②surroundings ③surrounded (2)单句写作
①________________ (被……围绕) lots of trees and flowers, my house looks more beautiful.
②The town's water comes from ____________ (周围的) hills. ③He ________________ (被包围着) by people who like him. 答案：①Surrounded by ②surrounding ③was surrounded
(1)v. 围绕；环绕 to be all around sth./sb.
(2)v. (使)包围，围住 to move into position all around sb./sth., especially so as to prevent them from escaping
(3)v. 与……紧密相关；围绕 to be closely connected with sth./sb.
surround sb./sth. with sb./sth. 使某人/物被某人/物包围 be surrounded by/with 被……围绕着；周围是…… surrounding adj. 周围的；附近的 surroundings n. 环境(通常用复数形式)
connect
①His workshop connected with a small building in the garden.
②(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Connecting to the community as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.
(1)用connect的适当形式填空
①What is the ________ between the two ideas? ②The towns are ________ by train and bus services.
③(2019·浙江高考)Other American studies showed no ________ (connect) between uniforms and school performance.
答案：①connection ②connected ③connection/connections (2)单句写作
①据说他与这起交通事故有关系。
It is said that he __________________ this traffic accident. ②这两个城市由铁路相连。
The two cities __________________ a railway. ③汤姆和此案没有关系。
Tom ____________________ the case.
答案：①is connected with ②are connected by ③has no connection with/is not connected with
(1)v. (使)连接；联结 to join together two or more things; to be joined together (2)v. 与……有联系(或关联) to have a link with sb./sth.
connect ... with ... 把……和……联系起来 connect ... and/with/to ... 把……和……连接起来 connected adj. 有关联的；有联系的
be connected with 与……有联系；与……有关系
connection n. 连接；联系
have (no) connection with 与……(没)有联系 in connection with 关于；与……有关
feature
①(2019·江苏高考)It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features.
②Many of the hotels featured in the brochure offer special deals for weekend breaks.
(1)选词填空：feature/characteristic ①Noise is a ________ of city life.
②A ________ of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water. 答案：①feature ②characteristic (2)单句写作
温暖似乎是他所有书中的主要特色。
_________________________________________________________________ 答案：Warmth seems to feature heavily in all of his books.
(1)n. 特色；特征；特点 sth. important, interesting or typical of a place or thing (2)v. 以……为特色；由……主演；以……为主要组成 to include a particular person or thing as a special feature
feature in 在……中起主要作用
feature/characteristic
feature characteristic
原指面貌等显著的部分，还可以指心中所留印象的显著部分 指与其他事物区别的特征 Ⅰ.阅读
(2019·江苏高考)In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not troubled anyone before：he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone (圆锥体) shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma (岩浆) piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new highaltitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blowup for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera: almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了鲍勃探寻黄石国家公园火山的故事。
在日常生活中，要养成善于观察、善于思考的好习惯(form good habits of
being observant and thoughtful)，说不定你也能发现“新大陆”哟！
1．What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone? A．Its complicated geographical features. B．Its everlasting influence on tourism. C．The mysterious history of the park.
D．The exact location of the volcano.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知，鲍勃感到迷惑的是，他在黄石国家公园没有找到火山，即：火山的准确位置。故选D项。
2．What does the second paragraph mainly talk about? A．The shapes of volcanoes. B．The impacts of volcanoes. C．The activities of volcanoes. D．The heights of volcanoes.
答案：A 段落大意题。文章的第二段主要介绍了两种类型火山的形成过程，一种是形成圆锥体形状的火山，富士山和乞力马扎罗山就是其典型代表；另外一种是通过爆裂岩浆而形成巨大裂口的火山，而黄石国家公园恰恰就是这一种，所以本段主要讲述了火山的形态，故选A项。
3．What does the underlined word “blowup” in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A．Hotair balloon. C．Big photograph.
B．Digital camera. D．Bird's view.
答案：C 词义猜测题。根据第三段“... a nice blowup for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos ...”可知，the photos所指的就是前面提及的blowup，所以推知blowup相当于photo(photograph)，故选C项。
①volcano n. 火山 ②erupt v. 喷发 ③remarkably adv. 非常，格外 ④authority
n. 权力；权威
(第二段倒数第二句)These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera.
译文：这些火山爆炸性很强，它们在一个大裂缝中爆发，留下一个巨大的洞，即火山口。 分析：本句是so ... that ... 结构的结果状语从句，后面的 “leaving behind a vast hole, the caldera”是现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。
(2019·广州市模考)The Mona Lisa effect describes the phenomenon where the eyes in a portrait seem to follow the person looking at it, no matter where the person stands in the room. The effect was obviously named after Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting featuring the woman with the mysterious smile and the steady stare. But ironically (讽刺地), a new study finds that Mona Lisa may not be all that interested
in tracking her observers. Two researchers from Bielefeld University in Germany found that the famous subject of the painting, also known as “La Gioconda”， is actually looking just over your right shoulder.
For the experiment, Horstmann and his research assistant Sebastian Loth gathered two dozen participants to take a look at the eyes of the painting. But they didn't just ask them if they thought Mona Lisa was looking their way. Instead they displayed part of her face on a computer screen, then asked volunteers to measure her stare using a carpenter's ruler that was held horizontally between them and the screen.
Although the computer screen and the participants stayed in the same spot, the ruler was moved closer and farther from the screen during the trial. In addition, the researchers modified the size of Mona Lisa's face and how much of her features were visible to see if that changed the perception of her stare. The images showed varying degrees of rise—from 30 to 70 percent with some showing her entire face and others showing just her eyes and nose.
The researchers also moved the images several centi－meters to the left and to the right, so the participants wouldn't just pick the same measurement on the ruler each time.
Horstmann and Loth published their results in the journal i perception where they were very clear in their conclusion. “We conclude from the measurements that the lack of evidences due to the declaration being objectively false: Mona Lisa does not stare at the viewer，” they wrote. “There is no doubt about the existence of the Mona Lisa effect—it just does not occur with Mona Lisa herself.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。实验证明“蒙娜丽莎效应”并不适用于蒙娜丽莎画像。
我们要学会从不同的角度看问题(look at things from different
perspectives)，与此同时也要有质疑精神(a questioning spirit)，并能采取方法证明自己的质疑(take steps to prove our doubts)。
4．What does the new study find? A．The Mona Lisa effect does exist. B．The reason for Mona Lisa smile.
C．What is the origin of the real Mona Lisa.
D．Mona Lisa is not straightly looking at the viewer.
答案：D 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句和最后一段最后两句可知，蒙娜丽莎并没有直接看着观看她的人。
5．What were the participants required to do during the experiment? A．To operate a computer as they moved.
B．To measure the direction of the stare with a ruler. C．To count the direction of the stare with a computer. D．To evaluate the distance between each participant.
答案：B 细节理解题。由第二段最后一句可知，参加者被要求用木匠的尺子测量蒙娜丽莎的眼神。
6．Which can best replace the underlined word “modified” in Paragraph 3? A．Estimated. C．Enlarged.
B．Changed. D．Described.
答案：B 词义猜测题。根据语境可知，此处表示：研究人员还修改了蒙娜丽莎的面部尺寸，以及她有多少面容是可见的，看这是否改变了她凝视的感觉。
7．What do Horstmann and Loth think of the new finding? A．It's reasonable and clear. B．It's beyond expectation. C．It's short of solid evidence.
D．It's consistent with previous studies.
答案：A 推理判断题。由最后一段可知，Horstmann和Loth在杂志上发表了他们的研究结果，他们的结论清晰、合理。
①feature n. 面容；特征；特色 ②horizontally adv. 水平地 ③perception n. 知觉；感知；洞察力
(第三段第二句)In addition, the researchers modified the size of Mona Lisa's face and how much of her features were visible to see if that changed the perception of her stare.
译文：此外，研究人员还修改了蒙娜丽莎的面部尺寸，以及她有多少面容是可见的，看这是否改变了她凝视的感觉。
分析：本句是一个主从复合句，how much引导宾语从句，作动词modified的宾语。在从句中，if又引导宾语从句，作动词see的宾语。
(2020·南昌市重点中学高三年级段考试题)As life in cities worldwide becomes more expensive, urban designers are using modern technology to help citizens avoid traffic jams, and shorten the time needed for bus waiting and other things. Technology is also used to cut costly waste.
In Santander, a Spanish port city, parking is easy to find. As one car drives away, an underground sensor shows that a parking space is now free. 400 sensors send messages to signs on streets, and GPS devices direct drivers to the nearest available parking spaces, reducing traffic jams. Trash is collected only when the bins are full and bus stop signs show exactly when the next bus is coming. The public parks are watered only when the soil gets dry. All this is made possible by 20, 000 sensors installed on buildings, street posts and even buses. They are part of the “smart city\\” project, launched by the University of Cantabria seven years ago.
University researchers like Luis Munoz regularly meet with locals to discuss how to make their city even smarter. “They propose their ideas and sometimes even develop them by themselves. Here, we give them the opportunity to see these ideas happen in real life，\\” said Munoz. For example, the university helped a woman create an app that outlines the easiest route for walking with a baby stroller. Another provides information to residents about their water consumption and sends an alarm to their phone if there is a leak.
The Santander smart project is attracting the attention of larger cities in Europe and elsewhere that are looking for smart solutions to urban problems.
篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。传感器、GPS定位等现代科技手段帮助西班牙的港口城市桑坦德避免了交通拥堵、缩短等车时间、减少资源浪费等，这种做法正在吸引欧洲的大城市以及其他更多地方的注意力，他们都在寻找解决城市问题的智能方案。
智能城市可以帮助我们避免交通拥堵(avoid traffic jams)、缩短等车时
间和减少资源浪费，我们应该充分利用更多现在科技手段来解决城市问题(use more current technology to solve urban problems)。
8．What is the life like in Santander? A．It is meaningful. B．It is full of freedom. C．It is likely to change fast. D．It is efficient and convenient.
答案：D 推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词in Santander定位到文章的第二段。根据
该段中的内容，尤其是“parking is easy to find” “Trash is collected only ... gets day.”可推知，在桑坦德的生活是高效方便的，故答案是D。
9．How can residents help Munoz's job? A．By offering some original or fresh ideas. B．By showing him around the city. C．By installing sensors themselves. D．By using as little water as possible.
答案：A 细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词residents和Munoz's job定位到文章的第三段。根据该段中的“Luis Munoz regularly meet with locals to discuss how to make their city even smarter” “They propose their ideas”可知，当地人有了想法会向Munoz提出来，故答案是A。
10．What does the underlined word “Another\\” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．A university. C．An app.
B．A phone. D．An easy route.
答案：C 指代判断题。根据上文“the university helped a woman create an app ... with a baby stroller”可知，这所大学开发了一款应用程序，该应用程序为推婴儿车散步的女士规划了最舒适的路线。结合画线词所在句的句意可推知，画线词指的是另一款应用程序，故答案是C。
11．What can be the best title for the text? A．A Worldwide Problem B．A Smart City Project C．A Creative Researcher D．A Trend in Urban Design
答案：B 标题判断题。根据第二段最后一句“They are part of the ‘smart city’ project, launched ... seven years ago.”并结合文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了智能城市项目的相关内容，故B项最适合作为文章标题。
①costly adj. 花钱多的；昂贵的；价钱高的 ②install v. 安装；设置 ③launch v. 开始从事，发起，发动(尤指有组织的活动) ④consumption n. (能量、食物或材料的)消耗，消耗量
(第一段第一句)As life in cities worldwide becomes more expensive, urban designers are using modern technology to help citizens avoid traffic jams, and shorten the time needed for bus waiting and other things.
译文：随着世界范围内城市生活越来越昂贵，城市设计师们正在利用现代技术帮助市民避免交通堵塞，缩短公交车等其他事情所需的时间。
分析：本句为as引导的原因状语从句。主句中，to help citizens avoid traffic jams, and shorten the time needed for bus waiting and other things为动词不定式作目的状语。
Last week, Italian architect Stefano Boeri, famed for his Vertical (垂直的) Forest skyscraper complex in Milan, unveiled (使……公之于众) plans for a similar project in the eastern Chinese city of Nanjing.
The Chinese equivalent—Boeri's first in Asia—will be composed of two neighboring towers coated with 23 species of tree and more than 2,500 cascading (层叠的) bushes. The structures will reportedly house offices, a 247room luxury hotel, a museum and even a green architecture school, and are currently under construction, set for completion next year.
“We have been asked to design an entire city where you don't only have one tall building but you have 100 or 200 buildings of different sizes, all with trees and plants on the outsides.” Boeri told the Guardian. “We are working very seriously on designing all the different buildings. I think they will start to build at the end of this year. By 2020 we could imagine having the first forest city in China.”
Boeri described his “vertical forest” concept as the architectural project which is like a skin graft (植皮手术), specially designed to bring new life to a small corner of China's polluted urban areas. The buildings would suck 25 tons of carbon dioxide from Nanjing's air each year and produce about 60 kg of oxygen every day.
“It is positive because the presence of such a large number of plants, trees and bushes is contributing to the cleaning of the air, contributing to absorbing CO2 and producing oxygen，” the architect said. “And what is so important is that this large presence of plants is an amazing contribution in terms of absorbing the dust produced by urban traffic.”
篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。意大利建筑家斯特凡诺·博埃里为南京设计了亚洲第一座“垂直森林”。“垂直森林”的建成将有利于城市空气净化，在吸收二氧化碳的同时，释
放出氧气，并能吸收城市交通产生的粉尘。
我们应该将绿色、环保的理念融入到我们的日常生活中(integrate the
concept of green and environmental protection into our daily life)，积极地为环境贡献自己的一份力量！
12．What do we know about the green towers designed by Stefano Boeri? A．The construction will begin next year.
B．Such buildings can be found in other Asian countries. C．Green towers have already been popular in Italy. D．A museum will be included in the green towers.
答案：D 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，这座“垂直森林”的建筑物中包括写字楼、一座豪华宾馆、一座博物馆，甚至还有一所绿色建筑学校，故答案为D。
13．The “vertical forest” seems to be the best solution to pollution because ________.
A．it brings new life to buildings and makes them beautiful B．it sucks tons of carbon dioxide from the air each year C．it offers great convenience for people's life and work D．many species of trees and bushes can be protected in this way 答案：B 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段最后一句可知选B。 14．We can infer from the passage that ________. A．Nanjing will attract tourists from the world B．it will be much quieter in Nanjing in the future C．Nanjing will become a city for healthy living
D．“vertical forest” will become Nanjing's mark building
答案：C 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句可知，“垂直森林”工程将使南京市空气清新，据此推断，南京市将成为一个更加宜居的城市。
15．What is the author's attitude toward “vertical forest”？ A．Optimistic. C．Doubtful.
B．Surprised. D．Concerned.
答案：A 推理判断题。作者在文中用了“bring new life”， “suck 25 tons of carbon dioxide”， “positive”， “contributing to the cleaning of the air”等积极词汇描述“垂直森林”的功能，由此推断，作者对于这个绿色城市建设项目是持乐观态度的。
①complex n. (类型相似的)建筑群 ②luxury adj. 奢侈的 ③dioxide n. 二氧化物 ④presence n. 在场；出席
(第五段第一句)“It is positive because the presence of such a large number of plants, trees and bushes is contributing to the cleaning of the air, contributing to absorbing CO2 and producing oxygen，”the architect said.
建筑师说：“这是积极的，因为大量的植物、树木和灌木丛有助于清洁空气，有助于吸收二氧化碳和产生氧气。”
Ⅱ.写作新题型——应用文
(2019·湖北黄冈高三模拟)假定你是李华，你班交换生Jim将要参加“学在中国”留学生汉语演讲比赛，来信向你咨询。请你给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1．推荐一个演讲话题； 2．说明推荐的理由； 3．建议他做哪些准备工作。 注意：1.词数80左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯； 3．邮件的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim，
Yours， Li Hua
[精彩范文]
Dear Jim，
I'm glad to know that you'll take part in the “Studying in China” speech contest. I'd like to give you some practical suggestions.
I recommend that you talk about the courses on Chinese traditional culture you've attended. The major reason is that they introduce the real treasure in human history. Besides, since you've taken the courses systematically, you're sure to have a deep understanding of them. Moreover, you have to practice your spoken Chinese to express yourself more clearly and fluently. Speaking skills are also needed, for they can help maximize the effectiveness of your speech.
I really hope my advice will be helpful. Wish you a great success.
Yours， Li Hua
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