汉译英 要正确的 不要软件翻译的
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发布时间：2022-04-23 05:23
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热心网友
时间：2022-05-05 04:01
跨文化交流中的交际障碍的定义
Cross-cultural communication in the definition of obstacles
在跨文化交际中，发音不正确，语法有错误或词汇量不足均有可能导致双方的误解或出现交际障碍。然而，发音正确，懂得语法并掌握相当数量的词汇之后，非本族语者在同本族语者交流时仍然会产生障碍：要么不能准确表达自己的思想；要么对对方的话题缺乏反应；要么说话口气过于肯定或是显得盛气凌人等。这些行为往往被本族语者视为没有修养的表现，或者被当成对人格的有意冒犯和侮辱，从而引起误解甚至仇恨，最终导致交际失败。这种在跨文化交际过程中出现的障碍，语言学家称之为跨文化语用失误。文化交流障碍(也有人译为文化冲击或文化休克，但本人理解为人际交流中的一种障碍) 来自英文Culture Shock 一词。这个概念是由美国的文化人类学家Oberg 最早于20 世纪50 年代末期使用后才得以普及开来的。文化冲击是人们对于另一种不熟悉的文化环境的心理反应。所有进入异文化环境的人都会遇到文化冲击所造成的障碍，但程度因人而异。通俗地说，一个人从一地迁移到另一地，原来自己熟悉的一套符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念等被另一套新的自己不熟悉的符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念所替代，因而在心理上产生焦虑，在情绪上不安定，甚至沮丧。在严重的情况下，会产生各种心理和生理方面的疾病，有的会精神失常甚至自杀。这就是文化休克。语言是文化环境中的产物，又是文化的载体。作为记录人类历史和人类思想的工具，每一种语言都有其独特的文化特色。汉语和英语产生于不同的文化环境，所承载的文化也不相同。因此，两种语言在表达方式上有不少差异。
In cross-cultural communication, the pronunciation is not correct, grammatical errors or lack of vocabulary may lead to misunderstanding between the two sides or communication barriers. However, the correct pronunciation, grammar and know how to grasp after a considerable number of terms, non-native speakers to share their native language at the same time will still have obstacles: either can not accurately express their ideas; either of the other topic of the lack of reaction; or tone to speak or appear too overbearing and so sure. These acts are often regarded as a native language are not the performance of self-cultivation, or to be regarded as an affront to the dignity and humiliation, thus giving rise to misunderstanding and even hatred, which eventually led to the failure of communication. This cross-cultural communication in the course of obstacles, linguists call it Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure. Cultural barriers (It was also translated into culture shock or culture shock, but I understood as an obstacle to interpersonal communication) from the English word Culture Shock. The concept is from the U.S. cultural anthropologist Oberg as early as the 20th century, the late 50's to spread the use of only the past. Culture shock is that people are not familiar with regard to another cultural environment of psychological reactions. All access to different cultural environment would encounter culture shock caused by obstacles, but the degree varies from person to person.a person who migrated from one place to another, the original set of familiar symbols, customs, behavior patterns, social relations, values, such as by another new set of unfamiliar symbols, customs, behavior patterns , social relations, values replaced, thus the psychological anxiety, emotional insecurity, and even frustration. In severe cases, it will proce a variety of psychological and physical disease, mental disorders and some will even commit suicide. This is the culture shock. Language is a proct of cultural environment, but also the carrier of culture. As recorded human history and human thought tools, every language has its unique cultural characteristics. Chinese and English have a different cultural environment, the bearer of culture is not the same. Therefore, the two languages in the expression of the way there are many differences.
（二）跨文化交际障碍产生的主要原因
(B) cross-cultural communication barriers arising from the main reason
1.文化差异
1.Cultural differences
（1）价值取向不同。 根据美国人类学家Barnett Pearce，Verrion Cronent等的理论，人们的行为规则、思维方式、处世哲学、道德标准等无不受价值观影响。人们在社会化的过程中，无意识地习得了本文化的价值系统，成为他们的处世哲学、道德标准和行为规范。然而，每一种文化都有特有的价值体系、判断标准。在一种文化中被看作是正常之举，在另一种文化中可能被认为是离经叛道的。西方文化的特点是个人价值之上；而东方文化的特点是集体价值之上。在以集体取向的中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚礼让，提倡相互支持和对集体的责任，追求“随遇而安”；而在个人取向的西方文化中，“随遇而安”则被看作是缺乏进取精神，人们崇尚个人奋斗、性、追求自我实现、放任个性、自我肯定、自由发展、要求个人空间、高度重视个*力、保护个人隐私（年龄、婚姻、收入、地址、经历、信仰等在西方社会都属于个人隐私）。因此，不同文化的价值取向给跨文化交际设下了重重障碍。
(1) different values. According to the U.S. anthropologist Barnett Pearce, Verrion Cronent such as the theory of people's behavior rules, ways of thinking, philosophy of life, moral standards are not without values. People in the socialization process, unconsciously learned the value of the cultural system, to be their philosophy of life, moral standards and codes of conct. However, every culture has a unique value systems, criteria for judging. In a culture is seen as a normal move, in another culture may be considered to be deviant. Western culture is characterized by personal values above; and the characteristics of the oriental culture is based on the collective value. Collective orientation in Chinese culture, people admired modesty comity, promote mutual support and collective responsibility, the pursuit of "happy-go-lucky"; and in the indivial-oriented Western culture, "happy-go-lucky," was seen as a lack of entrepreneurial spirit, people advocating personal struggle, independence, the pursuit of self-actualization, a laissez-faire personality, self-affirmation, the freedom to develop, require personal space, attaches great importance to personal power, the protection of personal privacy (age, marital status, income, address, experience, belief in the West are personal privacy). Therefore, the values of different cultures to cross-cultural communication set many obstacles.
（2）思维模式不同 。东西方人对外界认知模式存在着差别，因而他们在思维模式方面存在着明显的区别。而思维模式差异会造成交际行为、语篇结构、编译码方式、交际风格等方面的不同。东方人的思维模式以直觉、整体、圆式为特征；而西方人的思维模式则以逻辑、分析、线性为特点。因此，中国人的话语或语篇结构呈圆式。他们说话、写文章不采取直线式或直接切题的方法，而习惯于绕弯子，有一个从次要到主要，从相关信息到话题的发展过程。他们往往把对别人的请求、自己的想法、对别人的意见等内容或关键问题保留到最后，或含而不露。
(2) a different mode of thinking. East West cognitive model of the outside world the existence of differences in their mode of thinking and therefore there is a clear distinction. The mode of thinking will cause differences in communication behavior, discourse structure, encoding and decoding methods, communication style and so different. Oriental mode of thinking to intuition, on the whole, round-style characterized by; and Westerners are logical thinking, analysis, characterized by linear. Therefore, the Chinese people's words or discourse structure style. They speak, write articles or do not take a straight-line method of direct relevance to the theme, and accustomed, one from the secondary to the main, from the relevant information to the topic of the development process. They often put on the request of others, their own ideas on other people's views on key issues such as content or reservations to the final, or hidden.
（3）社会规范不同 规范是跨文化交际涉及的重要层面，规范是社会的期望、行为的准则、或活动的规约，它是交际行为的制约系统，也是交际行为的解释和评价系统。
(3) social norms are different norms in cross-cultural communication of the key level, the norms of social expectations and behavior, or the activities of the Statute, it is the communication system behavior constraints, but also communicative acts of interpretation and evaluation systems.
2.文化差异意识的缺乏
2. The lack of awareness of cultural differences
人们在社会化的过程中无意识地习得了本民族的价值观念、思维模式、交往规则或社会语言规则以及解释规范、心理态度等，致使他们在跨文化交际时，不知不觉中带着与自身文化相应的社会
People in the socialization process of unconsciously learned the nation's values, mode of thinking, between the rules of language or social rules and norms, psychological attitudes, with the result that they cross-cultural communication, the unconsciously and with their own corresponding social and cultural
热心网友
时间：2022-05-05 05:19
跨文化交流中的交际障碍的定义
在跨文化交际中，发音不正确，语法有错误或词汇量不足均有可能导致双方的误解或出现交际障碍。然而，发音正确，懂得语法并掌握相当数量的词汇之后，非本族语者在同本族语者交流时仍然会产生障碍：要么不能准确表达自己的思想；要么对对方的话题缺乏反应；要么说话口气过于肯定或是显得盛气凌人等。这些行为往往被本族语者视为没有修养的表现，或者被当成对人格的有意冒犯和侮辱，从而引起误解甚至仇恨，最终导致交际失败。这种在跨文化交际过程中出现的障碍，语言学家称之为跨文化语用失误。文化交流障碍(也有人译为文化冲击或文化休克，但本人理解为人际交流中的一种障碍) 来自英文Culture Shock 一词。这个概念是由美国的文化人类学家Oberg 最早于20 世纪50 年代末期使用后才得以普及开来的。文化冲击是人们对于另一种不熟悉的文化环境的心理反应。所有进入异文化环境的人都会遇到文化冲击所造成的障碍，但程度因人而异。通俗地说，一个人从一地迁移到另一地，原来自己熟悉的一套符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念等被另一套新的自己不熟悉的符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念所替代，因而在心理上产生焦虑，在情绪上不安定，甚至沮丧。在严重的情况下，会产生各种心理和生理方面的疾病，有的会精神失常甚至自杀。这就是文化休克。语言是文化环境中的产物，又是文化的载体。作为记录人类历史和人类思想的工具，每一种语言都有其独特的文化特色。汉语和英语产生于不同的文化环境，所承载的文化也不相同。因此，两种语言在表达方式上有不少差异。
（二）跨文化交际障碍产生的主要原因
1.文化差异
（1）价值取向不同。 根据美国人类学家Barnett Pearce，Verrion Cronent等的理论，人们的行为规则、思维方式、处世哲学、道德标准等无不受价值观影响。人们在社会化的过程中，无意识地习得了本文化的价值系统，成为他们的处世哲学、道德标准和行为规范。然而，每一种文化都有特有的价值体系、判断标准。在一种文化中被看作是正常之举，在另一种文化中可能被认为是离经叛道的。西方文化的特点是个人价值之上；而东方文化的特点是集体价值之上。在以集体取向的中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚礼让，提倡相互支持和对集体的责任，追求“随遇而安”；而在个人取向的西方文化中，“随遇而安”则被看作是缺乏进取精神，人们崇尚个人
Cross-cultural communication in the definition of obstacles
In cross-cultural communication, the pronunciation is not correct, grammatical errors or lack of vocabulary may lead to misunderstanding between the two sides or communication barriers. However, the correct pronunciation, grammar and know how to grasp after a considerable number of terms, non-native speakers to share their native language at the same time will still have obstacles: either can not accurately express their ideas; either of the other topic of the lack of reaction; or tone to speak or appear too overbearing and so sure. These acts are often regarded as a native language are not the performance of self-cultivation, or to be regarded as an affront to the dignity and humiliation, thus giving rise to misunderstanding and even hatred, which eventually led to the failure of communication. This cross-cultural communication in the course of obstacles, linguists call it Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure. Cultural barriers (It was also translated into culture shock or culture shock, but I understood as an obstacle to interpersonal communication) from the English word Culture Shock. The concept is from the U.S. cultural anthropologist Oberg as early as the 20th century, the late 50's to spread the use of only the past. Culture shock is that people are not familiar with regard to another cultural environment of psychological reactions. All access to different cultural environment would encounter culture shock caused by obstacles, but the degree varies from person to person.通俗地说a person who migrated from one place to another, the original set of familiar symbols, customs, behavior patterns, social relations, values, such as by another new set of unfamiliar symbols, customs, behavior patterns , social relations, values replaced, thus the psychological anxiety, emotional insecurity, and even frustration. In severe cases, it will proce a variety of psychological and physical disease, mental disorders and some will even commit suicide. This is the culture shock. Language is a proct of cultural environment, but also the carrier of culture. As recorded human history and human thought tools, every language has its unique cultural characteristics. Chinese and English have a different cultural environment, the bearer of culture is not the same. Therefore, the two languages in the expression of the way there are many differences.
(B) cross-cultural communication barriers arising from the main reason
1. Cultural Differences
(1) different values. According to the U.S. anthropologist Barnett Pearce, Verrion Cronent such as the theory of people's behavior rules, ways of thinking, philosophy of life, moral standards are not without values. People in the socialization process, unconsciously learned the value of the cultural system, to be their philosophy of life, moral standards and codes of conct. However, every culture has a unique value systems, criteria for judging. In a culture is seen as a normal move, in another culture may be considered to be deviant. Western culture is characterized by personal values above; and the characteristics of the oriental culture is based on the collective value. Collective orientation in Chinese culture, people admired modesty comity, promote mutual support and collective responsibility, the pursuit of "happy-go-lucky"; and in the indivial-oriented Western culture, "happy-go-lucky," was seen as a lack of entrepreneurial spirit, people advocating personal
热心网友
时间：2022-05-05 06:54
这么大一叠你就拿10分叫我们自己翻译这也太不尽认情了吧!!
热心网友
时间：2022-05-05 08:45
dsadsa
热心网友
时间：2022-05-05 10:53
这么多字。。。。晕啊！
Cross-cultural communication in the definition of obstacles
In cross-cultural communication, incorrect pronunciation, grammar or vocabulary errors are less likely to lead to misunderstanding between the two sides or communication barriers. However, the correct pronunciation, grammar and know how to have a considerable number of words, the non-native who share the same native language still have obstacles: either can not accurately express their own ideas; on the other side of the topic or the lack of response; or Words or tone certainly appears to be too overbearing, and so on. These acts are often seen as not native to the performance of self-cultivation, or as an affront to the dignity and insult, which led to misunderstanding and even hatred, which eventually led to the failure of communication. This cross-cultural communication in the course of obstacles, linguists referred to as cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Cultural barriers (also translated into some culture shock, or culture shock, but I understood as an obstacle to interpersonal communication) from the English word Culture Shock. The United States is the concept of cultural anthropologist Oberg as early as the 1950s after the end of the use of universal to be opened. It is a culture shock for a different cultural environment are not familiar with the psychological reaction. Access to all the different cultural environment would encounter culture shock caused by obstacles, but the extent varies from person to person. Tongsudeshuo, a transfer from one place to another, they are familiar with the original set of symbols, customs, behavior, social relations and values, and so were the other a new set of their own are not familiar with the symbols, customs, behavior patterns , Social relations and values replaced, so for them to develop psychological anxiety, emotional insecurity, even frustration. In more severe cases, will have a variety of psychological and physical disease, mental disorders and some will even commit suicide. This is the culture shock. Language is a proct of culture, environment and a culture of the carrier. As a record of the history of mankind, and mankind's ideological tool, every language has its unique cultural characteristics. Chinese and English have a different cultural environment, the culture does not carry the same. As a result, the two languages in the expression on a number of differences.
(B) cross-cultural communication barriers arising from the main reason
1. Cultural Differences
(1) different values. According to anthropologist Barnett Pearce, Verrion Cronent such as the theory of people's rules of conct, way of thinking, philosophy of life, moral standards and values are not without influence. People in the socialization process, unconsciously learned the value of the cultural system, they become the philosophy of life, ethics and code of conct. However, every culture has a unique system of values, standards for judging. In a culture is seen as a normal move in another culture might be considered as the deviant. Western culture is characterized by the value of the indivial above; and Oriental culture is characterized by a collective value of the above. In the collective orientation of Chinese culture, people respected modest comity, to promote mutual support and collective responsibility, the pursuit of "Suiyueran"; in the indivial-oriented Western culture, "Suiyueran" was seen as a lack of entrepreneurial spirit, Advocating personal struggle, independence, the pursuit of self-realization, laissez-faire personality, self-assurance, the free development of personal space requirements, attach great importance to the personal power to protect the privacy of indivials (age, marriage, income, address, experience, belief and so on in the West are Privacy). As a result, different cultural values to the cross-cultural communication set so many obstacles.
(2) different mode of thinking. East West to the outside world there is a pattern of cognitive differences, so they are thinking there is a clear distinction. The mode of thinking can cause differences in communication, discourse structure, encoding and decoding methods, such as communication style differences. Asian way of thinking to intuition, as a whole, characterized by round-; in the West and the mode of thinking was logical, analytical, linear features. As a result, the Chinese language or structure of the text-Cheng Yuan. They speak, write articles or do not take a straight line directly to the point of the method, which used to Rao Wanzai, one from minor to major, from the relevant information to the topic of the development process. They often at the request of other people, their own ideas on other people's views on key issues such as content or retained in the end, or hidden.
(3) different social norms regulate cross-cultural communication is the key level, the norms of society's expectations of behavior, or that the activities of the statute, it is the act of communication constraints, communication is the act of interpretation and evaluation system.
2.'s Lack of awareness of cultural differences
People in the socialization process of the unconscious to the acquisition of the nation's values and way of thinking, between the rules of language or social rules and norms to explain, mental attitude, and so on, resulting in cross-cultural communication, unconsciously and with their own Corresponding social and cultural
