英语容易混淆的词总结
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发布时间：2022-04-22 08:09
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时间：2022-04-24 14:02
1. come & be here
[误] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。
与此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。
3. join & take part in
[误] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指“参加”组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a …member，而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[误] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
borrow意思是“借(进)”，后面跟介词from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[误] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有两个意思，一个是“说谎”，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是“躺，卧；位于”，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。
lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[误] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是“由……生产”，强调产地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是“由……构成或组成”，指人或物都可，指结构成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)”，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。
一、容易混淆的动词：
[考试说明] 了解及物动词和不及物动词用法；掌握动词不定式作宾语、宾语补足语、状语以及疑问词连用构成不定式短语的基本用法；理解动词不定式作主语和定语的用法；初步掌握延续性动词和瞬间动词在用法上的区别等。
1. come & be here
[误] He has come here for three hours.
[正] He came here three hours ago.
[正] He has been here for three hours.
come是瞬间动词，不是延续性动词，在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。而要与表示一段时间的状语连用，就要用延续动词。
与此同类的还有borrow/lend-keep; join-be in/at; die-be dead; buy-have; leave-be away,etc.
2. cost & take & spend & pay
[误] I cost a lot of time to read stories.
[正] It cost me a lot of time to read stories.
[正] I spent a lot of time reading stories.
cost除了钱的花费以外，还能表示时间上的花费，但常用物做主语。spend句子主语是人，可指花费时间和金钱，但后面的动词要用-ing形式，后面也可跟名词短语，介词用on。pay句子主语是人，常与for连用，buy也常与for连用，但花费“钱”要放在介词for后面，而pay则放在介词for前面。
3. join & take part in
[误] He joined the League for two years.
[正] He joined the League two years ago.
[正] He has been in the League for two years.
[正] He has been a League member for two years.
join指“参加”组织，成为一个成员，join sb.意思是“加入某人”，take part in指参加活动特别是大的运动；如指“参加…多长时间”就要用延续动词be in或be a …member，而不能用join。
4. borrow & lend & keep
[误] She has lent me the book for a week.
[正] She lent me the book a week ago.
[正] It’s a week since she lent me the book.
borrow和lend是短暂性动词，在肯定句里不和表示一段时间的状语连用，keep延续动词，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
borrow意思是“借(进)”，后面跟介词from，lend意思是“借(出)”，后面跟介词to，lend也可用于某些成语中，如lend sb. a hand。
5. lie & lay & lain
[误] She laid down the book and laid in bed.
[正] She laid down the book and lay in bed.
lie有两个意思，一个是“说谎”，过去式和过去分词是在词尾加-d；另一个是“躺，卧；位于”，是不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词是lay、lain，现在分词是lying。
lay意思是“放；孵(蛋)”，其过去式和过去分词是laid、laid。
6. be made in & be made of & be made from & be made up of
[误] The table is made from wood.
[正] The table is made of wood.
be made in意思是“由……生产”，强调产地；be made of意思是“用……制成”，强调从成品上能看出原料，制成物没改变原料的本质；be made from意思也是“用……制成”，强调从制成物上看不出原料，制成物已改变原料的本质；be made up of意思是“由……构成或组成”，指人或物都可，指结构成分。
7. stop to do & stop doing
[误] He was too tired, so he stopped having a rest.
[正] He was too tired, so he stopped to have a rest.
[误] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop to talk.
[正] Look! The teacher is coming. We must stop talking.
stop to do意思是“停下(正做的事)(开始)去做(别的某事)”，带to的不定式在句子中作目的状语；stop doing意思“停止做某事(不做了)”，带-ing形式的动名词在句子中作宾语。二、容易混淆的名词：
[考试说明] 了解名词在句中所充当的成分，理解并能区别所学的可数名词和不可数名词；熟练掌握所学可数名词复数形式的构成，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握物质名词及其数量的表达方法；了解专有名词的概念及一般用法；熟练掌握所学名词所有格的用法；了解集合名词和抽象名词的概念及一般用法。
1. job & work
[误] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of jobs to do.
[正] I’m busy today, for I have a lot of work to do.
job意思是a piece of work，指已做或要做、应做的具体的某种工作，实际含义是“职业”，而work通常指抽象意义上的工作，是不可数名词，也可指“工作场所”。
2. by train & change trains
[误] We came here by the train.
[正] We came here by train.
[正] We came here on/in the train.
[误] We have to change the train at the next station.
[正] We have to change trains at the next station.
train意思是“火车”，表示“乘火车”，用by train或on/ the train，表示“换火车”，train必须用复数形式，且前面不加限定词。
三、容易混淆的形容词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握形容词作定语、表语及宾语补足语的用法；熟练掌握表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因等疑问副词的用法；熟练掌握形容词、副词比较等级的构成和 good、well、many、much等不规则变化；掌握little、far、ill、bad、badly等不规则变化；能熟练运用下列句型表示两者 (人或事物)和三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较；初步掌握用much、little等副词在用法上的区别。
1. any & some
[误] Have you got some money with you?
[正] Have you got any money with you?
[误] Would you like any milk?
[正] Would you like some milk?
any和some意思是“一些”，用作定语，可修饰可数名词和不可数名词。any多用于否定句和疑问句，some多用于肯定句。
但如果说话人表示“请求，提议”或“希望得到肯定回答”的意义时，some也可用在疑问句中；some还可用于单数名词前，表示未知或说话人不想特别说明的人、地、物等，意思是“某一，某个”。
如果表示“任何，无论哪个”时，any可用在肯定句中。
2. either & each & both & neither & every
[误] There are many flowers on either side of the street.
[误] There are many flowers on neither side of the street.
[误] There are many flowers on each sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on both sides of the street.
[正] There are many flowers on each side of the street.
[误] Every student has not finished their homework.
[正] No student has finished their homework.
either意思是“两者之一的”，each意思是“任意一个的”，neither意思是“两者都不的”，every强调整体，意思是“个个”。
3. few/little & a few /a little
[误] Sorry, I have few money on me.
[正] Sorry, I have little money on me.
[误] Her books are few.
[正] She has few books.
[误] The work needs a few number of workers.
[正] The work needs a small number of workers.
[正] The work needs a few workers.
few后跟可数名词复数，little后跟不可数名词，都表示“几乎没有”的否定性意思；a few和a little区别也在于前者跟可数名词，后者跟不可数名词，都表示“有几个”的肯定性意思。
4. no & not
no意思是“没有”，可以否定一切名词，修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数时等于not any，修饰可数名词单数时等于not a/an；如果被修饰的名词通常情况下只有一个，则用它的单数形式；不能用a、the、all、every等*词之前，而not可以。
not意思是“不，不是”，可以否定一切动词，修饰动词。
no more than意思是“不过，仅仅”，相当于only，修饰“数量”词，强调“少”的含义；not more than意思是“至多，不多于，不超过”，用于陈述事实；no more…than和not more…than多用于多音节形容词的比较级。
5. already & yet & still
[误] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off yet.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had taken off already.
[正] When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.
already意思是“已经”，一般用于肯定句，常与完成时连用，常用于句中；yet意思是“已经，还”，一般用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末；still意思是“仍然，还是”，强调动作在进行，主要用于肯定句，常用于句中。
6. also & too & either & so & neither & nor
[误] My parents didn’t like swimming, nor did his.
[正] My parents didn’t like swimming, neither did his.
also用于肯定句，一般放在行为动词之前、助动词、情态动词、系动词之后，too一般用于肯定句末，前面常用逗号；either一般用于否定句末，前面也用逗号；so置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况也适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；so后的主语与前一句主语是同一个人或物时，后面的主谓不倒装，表示“确实如此”；neither置于句首，引起句子倒装，表示前面所讲的情况不适用于另一个人或物，具有否定的意思；nor常与 not连用，表示“也不”，neither和nor都可用来对前面的否定陈述加以补充，如果补充的成分否定的不是同一事物，同一内容，就只能用nor，不可用neither；当否定的并列分句有两个以上时，只能用nor，因为neither只能指两者中的一个，nor指三个以上的另一个。
7. sometimes & sometime & some time & some times
[误] You can only keep the book for sometime.
[正] You can only keep the book for some time.
sometimes是频度副词，意思是“有时，不时”，常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用；sometime是副词，意思是“在某个不确定的时间，在某个时候，某时”，可与将来时或过去时连用；some time是名词词组，意思是“一段时间”，做时间状语，也可用作副词词组，用来指一个未肯定的时刻，常指将来，此时可与sometime通用；some times是名词词组，意思是“几次，几倍”。
四、容易混淆的介词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握介词in、on、at、to、from、by、with、for、about、before的常见用法；理解这11个介词的其他用法及所学其他介词的一般用法。
1. above & over; below & under
[误] Our classroom is over theirs.
[正] Our classroom is above theirs.
[误] The plane flew above the bridge.
[正] The plane flew over the bridge.
[误] The lights hung above the desk.
[正] The lights hung over the desk.
above、over都表示“在…上面”，且都表示表面不接触的上方，但over指垂直在上，而above则表示位置较高，不一定是正上方。
below、under都表示“在…下面”，below指位置低于某物或在某物的下方，但不一定在某物的正下方，其反义词是above，而under指在某物的正下方，有垂直在下的意思，其反义词是over。
2. by & on & over & through
[误] They’re talking on the radio.
[正] They’re talking by radio.
“通过无线电交谈”习惯上说talk by radio，名词前不加冠词。
“通过收音机听到”习惯上说hear sth. on/over/through the radio，名词前加冠词。
“通过电视看到”习惯上说watch sth. on TV。
“通过电话交谈”习惯上说talk with sb. on/over the telephone。
“通过人造卫星收发电视节目”习惯上说through man-made satellites。
3. in & on & to
[误] Tian wan is to the east of China.
[误] Tian wan is on the east of China.
[正] Tian wan is in the east of China.
表示方位“在……(东西南北)边)时，介词in、on、to有不同的用法。以“在……东部”为例，表示在该地范围之内，用in the east of，表示在该地与某地“相邻”，有接壤之意，用on the east of，表示不在该地范围，且有中间物，用to the east of。
4. in the end & at the end of & by the end of & at last
都有“最后”的意思，但in the end表示“结果，末了”，与at last是同义词组，at the end of表示“在……末端，尽头”，后面要接名词短语，by the end of表示“在……结束时，末了为止”，后面接时间短语。
5. to & for & toward(s)
[误] He is leaving to HongKong next month.
[正] He is leaving for HongKong next month.
to，toward(s)作静态介词，表示静态位置时，均表示“朝……”或“向……”，一般两者可通用，towards指时间“将近”，意思是 nearly；to则表示一段时间的终点，“差……到”的意思；for常用在leave、start等后面，表示要去的目的地，不可用to。
五、容易混淆的连词：
[考试说明] 掌握并列连词(如：and、but、or)和从属连词(如：when、if、that等)的基本用法。
1. because & since & as & for
[误] Because he was ill, so he didn’t go to school today.
[正] Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school today.
[正] He didn’t go to school today because he was ill.
because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或原因是正式的理由。在含because的句子中，全句强调的重点在原因上，不在主句的结果上。因此，回答why提出的问题时，只能用because，不能用since、as或for。because of后面只能跟短语，不能跟从句。
since表示的原因，指人们已知的事实，常译为“既然”，引导的从句只是一种附带的说明原因，不是对原因的强调。because与since不能与so连用。
as表示原因与since差别不大，只是语气更弱，是显而易见的理由。
for表示因果关系时，可与because替换使用，所不同的只是它只能放在主句之后，不能放在句首。在含for的句子里，for从句有时只是对主句补充说明理由或推断原因，与前一分句不存在因果关系。
2.either…or… & neither…nor… & not only…but also… & both…and…
[误] Either he or I are right.
[正] Either he or I am right.
前三个连词连接名词、代词等作主语时，谓语动词要与离其最近的主语的单复数一致，both…and…的谓语动词则要用复数。
六、容易混淆的代词：
[考试说明] 熟练掌握人称代词主格、宾格形式及基本用法，在口语和书面语的表达中正确运用；掌握形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的基本用法；掌握反身代词作为宾语和同位语的基本用法；熟练掌握指示代词和疑问代词的基本用法。
1. either & each & none & neither & both & all & some
[误] Either of the books are good.
[正] Either of the books is good.
either/ each / none / neither of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数， 其中neither的也可用复数；both/ all /some of+复数名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数
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