关于IC卡的英文资料最好带翻译3000字左右 100分
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发布时间：2022-04-21 17:39
共2个回答
热心网友
时间：2022-04-11 22:48
换个马甲，资料太多，你可以摘录自己需要的材料
Health care (Medical)
Smart health cards can improve the security and privacy of patient information, provide the secure carrier for portable medical records, rece health care fraud, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure access to emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives and mandates, and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the health care organization. [7]
Identification
A quickly growing application is in digital identification cards. In this application, the cards are used for authentication of identity. The most common example is in conjunction with a PKI. The smart card will store an encrypted digital certificate issued from the PKI along with any other relevant or needed information about the card holder. Examples include the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Common Access Card (CAC), and the use of various smart cards by many governments as identification cards for their citizens. When combined with biometrics, smart cards can provide two- or three-factor authentication. Smart cards are not always a privacy-enhancing technology, for the subject carries possibly incriminating information about him all the time. By employing contactless smart cards, that can be read without having to remove the card from the wallet or even the garment it is in, one can add even more authentication value to the human carrier of the cards.
The first smart card driver's license system in the world was issued in 1995 in Mendoza, a province of Argentina. Mendoza has a high level of road accidents, driving offenses, and a poor record of recovering outstanding fines.[citation needed] The smart licenses keep an up-to-date record of driving offenses and unpaid fines. They also store personal information, license type and number, and a photograph of the holder. Emergency medical information like blood type, allergies, and biometrics (fingerprints) can be stored on the chip if the cardholder wishes. The Argentina government anticipates that this new system will help to recover more than $10 million per year in fines.
Gujarat was the first state in India to introce the smart card license system in 1999. To date the Gujarat Government has issued 5 million smart card driving licenses to its people.[citation needed] This card is basically a plastic card having ISO/IEC 7810 certification and integrated circuit, capable of storing and verifying information according to its programming.
“a national ID card, protected by a 1,024-bit key code, is impossible to break ``without a supercomputer working away for a hundred years” [8]
By the start of 2009 the entire population of Spain and Belgium will have an eID card, that is issued by the Spanish and Belgian Governments and that is used to identify an indivial. These cards contain 2 certificates: one for authentication and one for signature. This signature is legally adopted. More and more services in these countries are using the eID card as an authorization token. More information on [2]and [3]
Other
Smart cards are widely used to protect digital television streams. See television encryption for an overview, and VideoGuard for a specific example of how smart card security worked (and was cracked).
The Malaysian government uses smart card technology in identity cards carried by all Malaysian citizens and resident non-citizens. The personal information inside the smart card (called MYKAD) can be read using special APDU commands.MYKAD SDK
Security
Smart cards have been advertised as suitable for personal identification tasks, because they are engineered to be tamper resistant. The embedded chip of a smart card usually implements some cryptographic algorithm. There are, however, several methods of recovering some of the algorithm's internal state.
Differential power analysis
Differential power analysis[9] involves measuring the precise time and electrical current required for certain encryption or decryption operations. This is most often used against public key algorithms such as RSA in order to dece the on-chip private key, although some implementations of symmetric ciphers can be vulnerable to timing or power attacks as well.
Physical disassembly
Smart cards can be physically disassembled by using acid, abrasives, or some other technique to obtain direct, unrestricted access to the on-board microprocessor. Although such techniques obviously involve a fairly high risk of permanent damage to the chip, they permit much more detailed information (e.g. photomicrographs of encryption hardware) to be extracted.
Problems
Another problem of smart cards may be the failure rate. The plastic card in which the chip is embedded is fairly flexible, and the larger the chip, the higher the probability of breaking. Smart cards are often carried in wallets or pockets — a fairly harsh environment for a chip. However, for large banking systems, the failure-management cost can be more than offset by the fraud rection. A card enclosure might be a good idea.
Using a smart card for mass transit presents a risk for privacy, because such a system enables the mass transit operator (and the authorities) to track the movement of indivials. In Finland, the Data Protection Ombudsman prohibited the transport operator YTV from collecting such information, in spite of YTV's argument that the owner of the card has the right to get a list of journeys paid with the card. Prior to this, such information was used in the investigation of the Myyrmanni bombing.
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Smart cards used for client-side identification and authentication are the most secure way for eg. internet banking applications, but the security is never 100% sure. In the example of internet banking, if the PC is infected with any kind of malware, the security model is broken. A malware can override the communication (both input via keyboard and output via application screen) between the user and the internet banking application (eg. browser). This would result in modifying transactions by the malware and unnoticed by the user. There are malwares in the wild with this capability (eg. Trojan. Silentbanker). Banks like Fortis and Dexia in Belgium combine a Smart card with an unconnected card reader to avoid this problem. The customer enters a challenge received from the bank's website, his PIN and the transaction amount into the card reader, the card reader returns an 8 digits signature. This signature is manually copied to the PC and verified by the bank. This method prevents a malware to change the transaction amount.
In addition to technical hurdles is the lack of standards for smart card functionality and security. To address this problem, the ERIDANE Project was launched by The Berlin Group to develop a proposal for "a new functional and security framework for smart-card based Point of Interaction (POI) equipment", equipment that would be used, for instance, in retail environments.[10]
Toppan Printing Company (凸版印刷 ,Toppan insatsu?) developed smart card material with paper, instead of plastic, which is reusable and no need to incineration or buried in the soil after disposal, this paper based smart card put in market from April 2009.[11]
智能卡（Smartcard 或 IC Card），又称智慧卡、聪明卡、集成电路卡，指指粘贴或嵌有集成电路芯片的一种便携式卡片塑胶。卡片包含了微处理器、I/O接口及内存，提供了资料的运算、存取控制及储存功能，卡片的大小、接点定义目前是由ISO规范统一，主要规范在ISO7816中。常见的有电话IC卡、身份IC卡，以及一些交通票证和存储卡。
历史
IC卡是一种外形与信用卡一样，卡上含有一个符合ISO 标准的集成电路芯片卡片，又称“集成电路卡”、智能卡，英文名称“Integrated Circuit Card”或“Smart card”，是法国人Ro-land morono于1974年发明的，将具有存储加密及数据处理能力的集成电路芯片模组封装于和信用卡尺寸一样大小的塑胶片基中，便构成了IC卡。法国布尔（BULL）公司于1976年首先制成IC卡产品，并开始应用在各个领域。[1]
组成
基片：现在多为PVC材质，也有塑料或是纸制
接触面：金属材质，一般为铜制薄片，集成电路的输入输出端连结到大的接触面上，这样便于读写器的操作，大的接触面也有助于延长卡片使用寿命；触点一般有8个（C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8, C4和C8设计为将来保留用），但由于历史原因有的智能卡设计成6个触点（C1 C2 C3 C5 C6 C7）。另外，C6原来设计为对EEPROM供电，但因后来EEPROM所需的程式电压（Programming Voltage）由芯片内直接控制，所以C6通常也就不再使用了。
集成芯片：通常非常薄，在0.5mm以内，直径大约1/4厘米，一般成圆形，方形的也有，内部芯片一般有CPU RAM ROM EPROM.
